Overview Trademarks, and service(Trademark hereinafter) marks may be protected in the Republic of Korea under the Trademark Act; and for such protection, marks should be registered with the Korean Intellectual Property Office ("KIPO"). The use of a trademark is not a prerequisite for filing an application for the registration of a trademark. Unregistered marks are not protected under the Trademark Act, although the owner of a well-known or famous mark is given some protection under the Trademark Act by way of preventing others from obtaining a trademark registration for an identical or similar mark. There is no course of action against infringement of a well-known or famous unregistered trademark under the Trademark Act, but an action may be brought under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act. The Korean Trademark Law is characterized by : ⅰ) First-to-File Rule ; Where two or more applications for the registration of a trademark relating to identical or similar goods are filed on different dates, only the applicant having the earlier filing date may obtain a trademark registration for the trademark. ⅱ) Substantial Examination ⅲ) Pre-grant Opposition Filing an Application ⅰ) Applicant Any person who uses or intends to use a trademark in the Republic of Korea may file an application for the registration of a trademark. Although the Korean Trademark Act adopts a registration system, not a use system, the applicant of a trademark application should have a bona fide intent to use his trademark in the Republic of Korea. Nonetheless, trademarks which will not actually be used are also registered. Such trademarks, however, will be subject to cancellation if they remain unused for three or more consecutive years after their registration. ⅱ) Document Required For a trademark application, the following documents should be submitted to KIPO: (a) an application stating the following: the name and address of the applicant (including the name of an executive officer, if the applicant is a juristic person); the trademark; the designated goods and class thereof; the date of submission; and the country and filing date of the priority application, if the right of priority is claimed; (b) specimens of the trademark (7cm x 7cm or smaller in size); (c) if the right of priority is claimed, the priority document; and (d) a power of attorney, if necessary. Only document (a) must be submitted at the time of filing the trademark application. The name of an executive officer of the applicant may be added later on the applicant's own initiative or in response to a notice of amendment issued from KIPO. If the applicant fails to submit specimens of the trademark or power of attorney at the time of filing the trademark application, KIPO will issue a notice of amendment requesting the applicant to submit them, designating a time limit therefor. The priority document must be submitted within 3 months from the filing date in the Republic of Korea of the trademark application. This time limit cannot be extended. ⅲ) Designation of Goods/Services: Nice Classification A person who desires to file a trademark application must designate goods/services on which the trademark is to be used in accordance with the Nice Classification of Goods or Services for the Purpose of Registration of Marks. The Republic of Korea adopted the Nice Classification as of March 1, 1998. A trademark application may be filed for the registration of trademark for goods or services which fall under several classes in accordance with the Nice Classification. In this case, the applicant has to pay additional fees for each classification. ⅳ) Claim of Priority The right of priority can be claimed in a trademark application for a applicant whose country of origin is a party to the Paris Convention or under a bilateral agreement between two relevant governments or on a reciprocal basis. In order to enjoy the priority right, an application should be filed in the Republic of Korea within 6 months from the filing date of the priority application. The priority document should be submitted to KIPO within 3 months from the filing date of his/her application. Formality Examination According to Article 2(1) of the Enforcement Regulation of the Trademark Act, the application will be returned to the submitter without any application number being assigned thereto and will be treated as if it had never been submitted in any of the following circumstances: (ⅰ) where the kind of the application is not clear; (ⅱ) where the name or address of a person (or juristic person) who takes the procedure (i.e. the applicant) is not described; (ⅲ) where the application is not written in Korean; (ⅳ) where a specimen of the trademark is not attached to the application paper; (ⅴ) where the designated goods/services are not described in the application paper; or (ⅵ) where the application is submitted, by a person who has no address or place of business in the Republic of Korea, without coming through a patent agent in the Republic of Korea. Once the application has satisfied such requirements, KIPO assigns an application number and examines as to whether or not other formality requirements under the Trademark Act have been met. If anything is found missing or wrong, the Commissioner of KIPO will issue a notice of amendment requesting the applicant to supplement the missing data or amend it, and within specified a time limit. If the applicant does not comply with such request, the trademark application will be nullified. Substantial Examination ⅰ) Initiation of Examination Unlike patent or utility model applications, trademark applications are automatically examined in order of their filing date. No request for examination is needed for the initiation of substantial examination. Furthermore, the Trademark Act does not provide for the expedited examination system which is available for patent, utility model and design applications. The examination of a trademark application generally takes about 1 year from its filing date. ⅱ) Requirement for Registration For a trademark to be registered under the Trademark Act, it should meet the following requirements: (a) It should fall under the definition of a trademark prescribed in the Trademark Act: (b) It should be distinctive so as to serve as an indication of goods or services or, if it is not inherently distinctive, it should have acquired a secondary meaning; (c) It should not fall into any of the categories of unregistrable trademark prescribed in the Trademark Act. In addition to the reason for rejection, an opposition against the application can be filed by the owner of a trademark registered in the territory of a member country of a treaty to which the Republic of Korea has acceded, if both the trademark and the designated goods of the application are identical with, or similar to, those of the foreign trademark registration and if the application is filed by a person who is, or used to be, an agent or a representative of the owner of the registered trademark within 1 year prior to the filing date of the application concerned without obtaining the authorization or consent from the owner of the registered trademark. Trademark/Service Mark Registrability 1) Unregistrable marks The following marks are considered to be unregistrable due to lack of distinctiveness : a. a mark which consists solely of a sign that indicates, in a common way, the usual name of the goods ; b. a mark which is customarily used upon the goods ; c.  i) a mark which consists solely of a sign that indicates, in a common way, the origin, quality, raw materials, efficacy, use, quantity, shape, price, etc. of the goods; ii) a mark which consists solely of a sign that indicates, in a common way, the method or time of manufacturing, processing, or using the goods; d. a mark which consists solely of a sign that indicates a full or abbreviated geographical name or a map; e. a mark which consists solely of a sign that indicates, in a common way, a common surname or name of a person or legal entity; f. a mark which consists solely of a very simple and common sign; g. a mark, in addition to the marks mentioned in a) - f) above, which does not enable consumers to discern the goods bearing the mark as indicating goods of a certain proprietor. when a trademark consists of a geographic indication of wine, spirits or liquor of the member countries of the World Trade Organization 2) Additionally, the following marks are unregistrable since they are against the public interest: a. marks that are similar or identical to i. the national flag, emblem, colors, medals, decorations, or badges of the Republic of Korea; ii. the national flags or emblems of foreign countries; iii. medals, badges, or decorations of Paris Convention member countries; iv. titles or marks of well-known international organizations, including the Red Cross and the Olympic Symbol; b. marks which falsely indicate a connection with any nation, race, ethnic group, public organization, religion, famous and deceased person, or which criticize, insult or are likely to defame them; c. marks which are identical with or similar to famous marks indicting a state, non-profit organization or agencies thereof, or indicating the business of non-profit organizations; d. marks which are contrary to public order or morality; e. marks identical with or similar to medals, certificates, or decorations awarded at domestic or foreign government exhibitions - [this provision does not apply in the event that the medal, certificate, or decoration is used as a mark in conjunction with goods for which the award gained]; f. marks comprised of the name, title, trade name, portrait, signature, seal, famous pseudonym, professional name or pen name of well-known persons, or an abbreviation thereof - [this provision does not apply where the consent of the well-known person has been obtained]; g. marks which are identical with or similar to another person's registered trademark and the designated goods thereof, wherein the other person's trademark has a prior application date; h. marks which are identical with or similar to another person's registered trademark and the designated goods thereof, where one year has not passed from the date of trademark expiration or the final/conclusive decision of its invalidation. However, this provision shall not apply under the following conditions: i. where the other person's trademark has not been used for more than one year prior to the date on which the trademark right was extinguished. ii. where a trademark application by a duly qualified applicant is filed after a final and conclusive decision of cancellation or invalidation of a registered mark. iii. when six 6) months passes after expiration of the right of a registered mark without its renewal application. i. marks which are identical with or similar to another person's trademark and the designated goods thereof, wherein the other person's trademark is well known among consumers as indicating the goods of that other person. j. marks which are likely to cause confusion with goods or businesses of another person because the trademark is recognized among consumers as designating the goods or businesses of that other person. k. marks which are likely to mislead as to the quality of goods or deceive consumers. l. marks which are identical or similar to another person's widely known trademark used to indicate another person's goods and/or business when the applied marks are used as an imitative mark to gain an unfair profit from another person's marks, and that are used with unjust purposes of damaging others, and that can be inferred as an imitation mark. Examiners may reject such an application for an imitation mark at the time of examination or when the foreign trademark owner raises an opposition. To determine if marks are imitations, Examiners will refer to the Foreign Trademark Directory and foreign trademark owners will be requested to submit evidential materials, such as registration of the mark in their home country, use and reputation of the mark, etc. when a trademark consists of a geographic indication of wine, spirits or liquor of the member countries of the World Trade Organization Publication and Pre-Grant Opposition If the examiner finds no ground for rejection of a trademark application, or he considers that the rejection has been overcome by the applicant's response (argument and/or amendment), he shall render a decision to publish the trademark application. Once a trademark application is published in the official gazette, called the "Trademark Publication Gazette," any person may file an opposition within 30 days from the publication date. The thirty-day period cannot be extended. A notice of opposition containing a brief statement on the grounds for opposition must be submitted within the thirty-day period. Then, the opponent may amend, add or supplement the grounds for opposition within 30 days after the expiration of the thirty-day period. Trademark Registration Fee Within two months from the receiving date of a decision of registration, the applicant, or any interested person must pay the registration fee. The period for payment may be extended, upon request, by an additional period of thirty (30) days. If the registration fee is not paid within the stipulated time limit, then the trademark shall be deemed to have been abandoned. Payment of the registration fee by the specified time limit will result in the issuance of a Certificate of Trademark/Service Mark Registration within a few days. Cancellation Trial 1) A trademark registration becomes subject to cancellation through a trial brought by an interested party when, inter alia: a. the registrant intentionally uses a trademark different from the registered trademark in a way likely to cause confusion as to the quality or the source of goods; b. the registered trademark is not used for a period of more than three years without justification. In order to avoid cancellation due to the above and to maintain the trademark right, the registrant or licensee should not leave the trademark unused for a continuous period of more than 3 years. 2) Cancellation of a trademark right becomes effective when the trial decision has become final and conclusive, at which time the trademark right shall be extinguished. It is important to note that the effect of trademark cancellation is not retroactive to the date of registration or application. 3) In a cancellation trial on the basis of non-use, in case that a registrant abandons his trademark right after the date of filing the trial or the trial decision has become final and conclusive, only the plaintiff of the cancellation trial has an exclusive right to file a trademark application for the mark similar or identical to the registered mark for three months from the date of abandonment of the right or confirmation for the decision of cancellation Invalidation Trial 1) Invalidation of a trademark registration An invalidation trial may be brought against a registered trademark by an interested person or an examiner who believes that the registration was granted without fulfilling the requirements stated in Chapter 1(Application for trademark/Service Mark) and Chapter 2 (Trademark/Service Mark Registrability). 2) An invalidation trial of a trademark renewal may be requested by an interested person or an examiner if they have reason to believe that the renewal of the trademark registration has not taken place legitimately. 3) If trademark registration or a registration for the renewal of a trademark registration is invalidated, the registration or the renewal registration shall be deemed never to have existed respectively Renewal The duration of the protection of a trademark right is 10 years from the date of registration of the trademark, which may be renewed every 10 years. For the renewal of a trademark registration, an application for the renewal should be filed with KIPO. Once a renewal application has been duly filed, the trademark registration is deemed to have been renewed on the expiration date of the original registration. Protection of Foreign well-known Trademarks in Korea (1) Regardless of whether or not they are registered under the Trademark Act, well-known or famous marks are protected by way of barring the registration of a mark which is identical with, or similar to, such marks. An application for the registration of such mark filed by a person other than the owner of the famous mark will be rejected; and, if the registration is erroneously granted, it will be subject to invalidation. (2) Even if goods and/or service concerning a trademark application are not identical with or similar to those of a well- known trademark, the application shall be refused due to the possibility of misleading the consumers about the origin of goods or services. Furthermore, an interested party may request a trial or invalidation of registration of such a trademark if it has been registered. (3) It is prescribed in the revised Trademark Act which became effective as of March 1, 1998 that the registration of a trademark shall be refused when the application is made for unfair purposes, such as the aim of free-riding on the reputation of the marks which are well-known in the Republic of Korea. (4) In addition to the Korean Trademark Law, the Unfair Competition Prevention Act also provide the protection of well- known trademarks. Any person who is, or is likely to be, injured by acts of unfair competition such as acts causing confusion with another person's goods or business facilities by using an indication identical with or similar to another person's name, tradename or marks, including well-known trademarks, may bring a civil action before the court seeking an injunctive relief, monetary damage and/or restoration of injured business reputation or goodwill. Furthermore, the Law also set forth criminal provisions.